The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628–58 was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Mughal elite was always dominated by Turani’s (Turkic people from Central Asia), Persians (Iranians), Afghans and people of Arab descent, but in addition newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, also gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.
The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. All Mughal emperors were Muslims while Akbar was Muslim most of this life, he followed a new religion in the latter part of his life called Deen-i-Ilahi, as recorded in historical books like Ain-e-Akbari and Dabestan-e Mazaheb. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. He also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. The “classic period” of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne.
During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The Mughal emperors were Central Asian Turco-Mongols belonging to the Timurid dynasty, who claimed direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the founder Babur‘s victory over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal Empire ( Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت, Mug̱ẖliyah Salṭanat) or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani ( Persian: گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān, meaning “son-in-law”), was an empire based in the Indian Subcontinent, established and ruled by a Muslim Persianate dynasty of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin that extended over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan.
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